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Showing results for tags 'normal anatomy'.
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Version 1.0.0
201 downloads
Thoracic vertebrae compose the middle portion of the vertebral column. They are 12 in number and their size is intermediate between the cervical and the lumbar spine. They increase gradually in size as we go down the vertebral column. They are characterized by the presence of facets for articulation with the corresponding ribs and they are of limited flexibility compared to the cervical and the lumbar regions, they also have thinner intervetebral discs and a narrower spinal canal. This is a 3D printable medical file converted from a CT scan DICOM datasetFree -
Version 1.0.0
34 downloads
The sternum is a long flat bone situated in the center of the chest. It has the shape of a necktie and it is connected to the adjacent rib via cartilage forming the anterior portion of the rib cage, it protects the heart, lungs, and mediastinal structures. The sternum gives origin and insertion sites for some of the critical upper limb muscles. It's formed of 3 parts : The manubrium , The body, and the xiphoid process. The manubrium is the flat upper part, the body is longest middle part, and the xiphoid is located at the inferior end. This is a 3D printable medical file converted form a CT scan DICOM dataset.Free -
Version 1.0.0
4 downloads
The sterno-clavicualr joint is the joint between the sternal manubrium and sternal ends of both clavicles. It is classified as a synovial saddle joint and serves as a biaxial joint allowing the movement of clavicles in three planes mostly the anterio-posterior and the vertical planes. This is a 3D printable STL file of its normal anatomy converted from a CT scan DICOM dataset of a 34-year old lady.(STS-015) input[type=text] { border: 1px solid #287ab3; border-radius: 2px; width: 200px; padding: 6px 10px; margin: 2px 0; box-sizing: border-box; } input[type=button], input[type=submit], input[type=reset] { background-color: #ba5570; border: none; color: white; padding: 16px 32px; text-decoration: none; margin: 4px 2px; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; font-size: 1Free -
Version 1.0.0
52 downloads
This model is the left foot and ankle bone rendering of a 65-year-old male with left thigh myxoid fibrosarcoma. At the time of diagnosis, the patient had metastases to his lungs. The patient therefore underwent neoadjuvant radiotherapy, surgery, and adjuvant chemotherapy and was found to have an intermediate grade lesion at the time of diagnosis. The patient unfortunately died 9.5 months after diagnosis. This is an STL file created from DICOM images of his CT scan which may be used for 3D printing. The ankle is a hinge (or ginglymus) joint made of the distal tibia (tibial plafond, medial and posterior malleoli) superiorly and medially, the distal fibula (lateral malleolus) laterally and the talus inferiorly. Together, these structures form the ankle “mortise”, which refers to the bony arch. Stability is provided by the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), and posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL) laterally, and the superficial and deep deltoid ligaments medially. The ankle is one of my most common sites of musculoskeletal injury, including ankle fractures and ankle sprains, due to the ability of the joint to invert and evert. The most common ligament involved in the ATFL. Radiographic analysis of an ankle after injury should include the so-called “mortise view”, upon which measurements can be made to determine congruity of the ankle joint. Normal measurements include >1 mm tibiofibular overlap, </= 4mm medial clear space, and <6 mm of tibiofibular clear space. The talocrural ankle is measured by the bisection of a line through the tibial anatomical axis and another line through the tips of the malleoli. Shortening of the lateral malleolus can lead to an increased talocrural angle. The foot is commonly divided into three segments: hindfoot, midfoot, and forefoot. These sections are divided by the transverse tarsal joint (between the talus and calcaneus proximally and navicular and cuboid distally), and the tarsometatarsal joint (between the cuboids and cuneiforms proximally and the metatarsals distally). The first tarsometatarsal joint (medially) is termed the “Lisfranc” joint, and is the site of the Lisfranc injury seen primarily in athletic injuries. This model was created from the file STS_023.Free -
Version 1.0.0
81 downloads
This model is the right foot and ankle bone rendering of a 65-year-old male with left thigh myxoid fibrosarcoma. At the time of diagnosis, the patient had metastases to his lungs. The patient therefore underwent neoadjuvant radiotherapy, surgery, and adjuvant chemotherapy and was found to have an intermediate grade lesion at the time of diagnosis. The patient unfortunately died 9.5 months after diagnosis. This is an STL file created from DICOM images of his CT scan which may be used for 3D printing. The ankle is a hinge (or ginglymus) joint made of the distal tibia (tibial plafond, medial and posterior malleoli) superiorly and medially, the distal fibula (lateral malleolus) laterally and the talus inferiorly. Together, these structures form the ankle “mortise”, which refers to the bony arch. Stability is provided by the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), and posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL) laterally, and the superficial and deep deltoid ligaments medially. The ankle is one of my most common sites of musculoskeletal injury, including ankle fractures and ankle sprains, due to the ability of the joint to invert and evert. The most common ligament involved in the ATFL. Radiographic analysis of an ankle after injury should include the so-called “mortise view”, upon which measurements can be made to determine congruity of the ankle joint. Normal measurements include >1 mm tibiofibular overlap, </= 4mm medial clear space, and <6 mm of tibiofibular clear space. The talocrural ankle is measured by the bisection of a line through the tibial anatomical axis and another line through the tips of the malleoli. Shortening of the lateral malleolus can lead to an increased talocrural angle. The foot is commonly divided into three segments: hindfoot, midfoot, and forefoot. These sections are divided by the transverse tarsal joint (between the talus and calcaneus proximally and navicular and cuboid distally), and the tarsometatarsal joint (between the cuboids and cuneiforms proximally and the metatarsals distally). The first tarsometatarsal joint (medially) is termed the “Lisfranc” joint, and is the site of the Lisfranc injury seen primarily in athletic injuries. This model was created from the file STS_023.Free -
Version 1.0.0
142 downloads
The radius and the ulna are long, slightly curved bones that lie parallel from the elbow, where they articulate with the humerus, to the wrist, where they articulate with the carpals. The radius is located laterally, near the thumb, and the ulna medially, near the little finger. The radius and the ulna have a styloid process at the distal end; they are also attachment sites for many muscles.The radius is smaller than the ulna. A total of 27 bones constitute the basic skeleton of the wrist and hand. These are grouped into carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The wrist is the most complex joint in the body. It is formed by 8 carpal bones grouped in 2 rows with very restricted motion between them. From radial to ulnar, the proximal row consists of the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform bones. In the same direction, the distal row consists of the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate bones. The hand contains 5 metacarpal bones. Each metacarpal is characterized as having a base, a shaft, a neck, and a head. The first metacarpal bone (thumb) is the shortest and most mobile. It articulates proximally with the trapezium. The other 4 metacarpals articulate with the trapezoid, capitate, and hamate at the base. Each metacarpal head articulates distally with the proximal phalanges of each digit. The hand contains 14 phalanges. Each digit contains 3 phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal), except for the thumb, which only has 2 phalanges. To avoid confusion, each digit is referred to by its name (thumb, index, long, ring, and small) rather than by number. This is 3D printable medical file converted from a CT scan DICOM dataset of a 48-year old female.Free -
Version 1.0.0
16 downloads
The ankle joint is a hinged synovial joint with primarily up-and-down movement (plantarflexion and dorsiflexion). However, when the range of motion of the ankle and subtalar joints (talocalcaneal and talocalcaneonavicular) is taken together, the complex functions as a universal joint. The bony architecture of the ankle consists of three bones: the tibia, the fibula, and the talus. The articular surface of the tibia is referred to as the plafond. The medial malleolus is a bony process extending distally off the medial tibia. The distal-most aspect of the fibula is called the lateral malleolus. Together, the malleoli, along with their supporting ligaments, stabilize the talus underneath the tibia. The bony arch formed by the tibial plafond and the two malleoli is referred to as the ankle "mortise" (or talar mortise). The mortise is a rectangular socket. The ankle is composed of three joints: the talocrural joint (also called talotibial joint, tibiotalar joint, talar mortise, talar joint), the subtalar joint (also called talocalcaneal), and the Inferior tibiofibular joint. The joint surface of all bones in the ankle are covered with articular cartilage. This a 3D printable medical file converted from a CT scan DICOM dataset of a 75-year old female.Free -
Version 1.0.0
18 downloads
The ankle joint is a hinged synovial joint with primarily up-and-down movement (plantarflexion and dorsiflexion). However, when the range of motion of the ankle and subtalar joints (talocalcaneal and talocalcaneonavicular) is taken together, the complex functions as a universal joint. The bony architecture of the ankle consists of three bones: the tibia, the fibula, and the talus. The articular surface of the tibia is referred to as the plafond. The medial malleolus is a bony process extending distally off the medial tibia. The distal-most aspect of the fibula is called the lateral malleolus. Together, the malleoli, along with their supporting ligaments, stabilize the talus underneath the tibia. The bony arch formed by the tibial plafond and the two malleoli is referred to as the ankle "mortise" (or talar mortise). The mortise is a rectangular socket. The ankle is composed of three joints: the talocrural joint (also called talotibial joint, tibiotalar joint, talar mortise, talar joint), the subtalar joint (also called talocalcaneal), and the Inferior tibiofibular joint. The joint surface of all bones in the ankle are covered with articular cartilage. This a 3D printable medical file converted from a CT scan DICOM dataset of a 75-year old female.Free -
Version 1.0.0
36 downloads
The bones of the leg and foot form part of the appendicular skeleton that supports the many muscles of the lower limbs. These muscles work together to produce movements such as standing, walking, running, and jumping. At the same time, the bones and joints of the leg and foot must be strong enough to support the body’s weight while remaining flexible enough for movement and balance. The tibia and fibulaare the bones that support the leg. The larger tibia or shinebone is located medial to the fibula and bears most of the weight. At the superior (proximal) end of the tibia, a pair of flattened condyles articulate with the rounded condyles at the distal end of the femur to form the knee joint joint. The tibia and fibula articulate at two sites. At the knee, a superior (proximal) tibiofibular joint is formed by the lateral tibial condyle and head of the fibula. At the ankle, an inferior (distal) tibiofibular joint is formed by the lower fibula and a lateral concavity (notch) on the lower tibia. The feet are flexible structures of bones, joints, muscles, and soft tissues that let us stand upright and perform activities like walking, running, and jumping. The feet are divided into three sections: -The forefoot contains the five toes (phalanges) and the five longer bones (metatarsals). -The midfoot is a pyramid-like collection of bones that form the arches of the feet. These include the three cuneiform bones, the cuboid bone, and the navicular bone. -The hindfoot forms the heel and ankle. The talus bone supports the leg bones (tibia and fibula), forming the ankle. The calcaneus (heel bone) is the largest bone in the foot. This is a 3D printable medical file converted from a CT scan dicom dataset of a 75-year female.Free -
Version 1.0.0
24 downloads
The bones of the leg and foot form part of the appendicular skeleton that supports the many muscles of the lower limbs. These muscles work together to produce movements such as standing, walking, running, and jumping. At the same time, the bones and joints of the leg and foot must be strong enough to support the body’s weight while remaining flexible enough for movement and balance. The tibia and fibulaare the bones that support the leg. The larger tibia or shinebone is located medial to the fibula and bears most of the weight. At the superior (proximal) end of the tibia, a pair of flattened condyles articulate with the rounded condyles at the distal end of the femur to form the knee joint joint. The tibia and fibula articulate at two sites. At the knee, a superior (proximal) tibiofibular joint is formed by the lateral tibial condyle and head of the fibula. At the ankle, an inferior (distal) tibiofibular joint is formed by the lower fibula and a lateral concavity (notch) on the lower tibia. The feet are flexible structures of bones, joints, muscles, and soft tissues that let us stand upright and perform activities like walking, running, and jumping. The feet are divided into three sections: -The forefoot contains the five toes (phalanges) and the five longer bones (metatarsals). -The midfoot is a pyramid-like collection of bones that form the arches of the feet. These include the three cuneiform bones, the cuboid bone, and the navicular bone. -The hindfoot forms the heel and ankle. The talus bone supports the leg bones (tibia and fibula), forming the ankle. The calcaneus (heel bone) is the largest bone in the foot.Free -
Version 1.0.0
26 downloads
This is the normal right foot and ankle skin model of a 56-year-old male with right anterior thigh pleomorphic leiomyosarcoma. This is an STL file created from DICOM images of his CT scan which may be used for 3D printing. Topographical landmarks of the foot and ankle consist of muscular, tendinous, and bony structures. Proximally, the superficial muscles of the anterior (tibialis anterior), lateral (peroneals) and posterior (gastrocnemius) compartments may be palpated. Anteriorly, the tibialis anterior tendon crosses the ankle joint and is used as a landmark for ankle joint injections and aspirations, where the practitioner will place the needle just lateral to the tendon. Posteriorly, the gastrocnemius and soleus converge to form the Achilles tendon. Ruptures of the tendon, as well as tendinous changes due to Achilles tendinopathy, may be palpated. At the level of the ankle joint, the joint line, medial malleolus (distal tibia) and lateral malleolus (distal fibula) may be palpated. The extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus tendons are visible on the surface of the dorsal foot. The extensor digitorum brevis muscle belly is seen on the dorsum of the lateral foot. On the plantar foot, the plantar fascia may be palpated. Nodules associated with plantar fascial fibromatosis may be palpated here. Plantar fasciitis is also diagnosed when pain is associated with palpation of the insertion of the plantar fascia on the medial heel. Other common pathologies on the plantar foot are ulcerations associated with diabetic neuropathy and other neuropathic conditions. This model was created from the file STS_014.Free -
Version 1.0.0
7 downloads
This is the normal left foot and ankle muscle model of a 56-year-old male with right anterior thigh pleomorphic leiomyosarcoma. This is an STL file created from DICOM images of his CT scan which may be used for 3D printing. The primary motions of the ankle are dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, inversion, and eversion. However, with the addition of midfoot motion (adduction, and abduction), the foot may supinate (inversion and adduction) or pronate (eversion and abduction). In order to accomplish these motions, muscles outside of the foot (extrinsic) and muscles within the foot (intrinsic) attach throughout the foot, crossing one or more joints. Laterally, the peroneus brevis and tertius attach on the proximal fifth metatarsal to evert the foot. The peroneus longus courses under the cuboid to attach on the plantar surface of the first metatarsal, acting as the primary plantarflexor of the first ray and, secondarily, the foot. Together, these muscles also assist in stabilizing the ankle for patients with deficient lateral ankle ligaments from chronic sprains. Medially, the posterior tibialis inserts on the plantar aspect of the navicular cuneiforms and metatarsal bases, acting primarily to invert the foot and secondarily to plantarflex the foot. The flexor hallucis longus inserts on the base of the distal phalanx of the great toe to plantarflex the great toe, and the flexor digitorum inserts on the bases of the distal phalanges of the lesser four toes, acting to plantarflex the toes. The gastrocnemius inserts on the calcaneus as the Achilles tendon and plantarflexes the foot. Anteriorly, the tibialis anterior inserts on the dorsal medial cuneiform and plantar aspect of the first metatarsal base as the primary ankle dorsiflexor and secondary inverter. The Extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus insert on the dorsal aspect of the base of the distal phalanges to dorsiflex the great toe and lesser toes, respectively. This model was created from the file STS_014.Free -
Version 1.0.0
12 downloads
The knee is the largest joint and one of the most important joints in the body. It plays an essential role in movement related to carrying the body weight in horizontal (running and walking) and vertical (jumping) directions. The knee joint joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two articulations: one between the femur and tibia (tibiofemoral joint), and one between the femur and patella (patellofemoral joint). The knee is a modified hinge joint, which permits flexion and extension as well as slight internal and external rotation. The knee joint is vulnerable to injury and to the development of osteoarthritis. The knee is composed of three functional compartments: the patellofemoral articulation, consisting of the patella, or "kneecap", and the patellar groove on the front of the femur through which it slides; and the medial and lateral tibiofemoral articulations linking the femur, or thigh bone, with the tibia, the main bone of the lower leg. The joint is bathed in synovial fluid which is contained inside the synovial membrane called the joint capsule. This is a 3D-printable medical STL file of normal left knee joint converted from a CT scan dataset of a 75-year old female patient (STS-016).Free -
Version 1.0.0
32 downloads
The knee is the largest joint and one of the most important joints in the body. It plays an essential role in movement related to carrying the body weight in horizontal (running and walking) and vertical (jumping) directions. The knee joint joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two articulations: one between the femur and tibia (tibiofemoral joint), and one between the femur and patella (patellofemoral joint). The knee is a modified hinge joint, which permits flexion and extension as well as slight internal and external rotation. The knee joint is vulnerable to injury and to the development of osteoarthritis. The knee is composed of three functional compartments: the patellofemoral articulation, consisting of the patella, or "kneecap", and the patellar groove on the front of the femur through which it slides; and the medial and lateral tibiofemoral articulations linking the femur, or thigh bone, with the tibia, the main bone of the lower leg. The joint is bathed in synovial fluid which is contained inside the synovial membrane called the joint capsule. This is a 3D-printable medical STL file of normal right knee joint converted from a CT scan DICOM dataset of a 75-year old female patient(STS-016).Free -
Version 1.0.0
5 downloads
This is a 3D-printable medical file extracted from the DICOM dataset of a 34-year old female with right thigh swelling. Histo-pathological examination revealed it to be a synovial sarcoma of intermediate grade. 13 days prior to the definitive diagnosis, MRI was done for this patient. 23 days later PET scan was also done as a part of her metastatic workup. After treating the patient with radiotherapy and surgical resection, The patient showed no evidence of disease after nearly 2 years of follow up. (STS-015)Free -
Version 1.0.0
10 downloads
The shoulder joint is the most flexible joint in the human body, it is formed of two compartments, the gelnohumoral joint and the acromioclavicular joint. This is a 3D printable model converted from a CT scan DICOM dataset (STS-015) of a 34-year old female showing the normal relation between the humerus and the scapula. The humeral head lies in the cup-like fossa in the scapula that is the glenoid fossa, it's also attached to the coracoid process by the coraco-humeral ligament.Free -
Version 1.0.0
20 downloads
This is the normal left thigh muscle model of a 56 year old male with contralateral anterior thigh pleomorphic leiomyosarcoma. This is an STL file created from DICOM images of his CT scan which may be used for 3D printing. The thigh is divided into three compartments: the anterior, posterior, and adductor. The anterior compartment contains the “quadriceps muscles”, made up of the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris, and the sartorius. These muscles are innervated by the femoral nerve (L3-L4), and act to extend the leg. The Sartorius muscle originates at the ASIS and crosses anterior to the quadriceps muscle to insert on the medial tibia in the pes anserinus. The posterior compartment contains the “hamstrings”, made up of the semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and short and long heads of the biceps femoris. These muscles act to flex the leg. All of these muscles are innervated by the sciatic nerve (tibial division) except for the short head of the biceps femoris, which is innervated by the sciatic nerve (peroneal division). The adductor compartment contains the adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, and gracilis, which act to adduct the thigh. These muscles are innervated by the obturator, and the adductor magnus has dual innervation with the sciatic nerve. In addition, the obturator externus (a thigh external rotator) and pectineus muscle (thigh flexor and adductor) are located within this compartment. This model was created from the file STS_014.Free -
Version 1.0.0
8 downloads
The acetabulum is where the head of the femur meets the pelvis to form the hip joint. The three pelvic bones unite to form the acetabulum, the ishcial bone inferiorly, the iliac bone superiorly, and the pubic bone medially. In order to serve the purpose of providing articular surface to the femur, the acetabulum is covered by a layer of articular cartilage and synovial fluid. This is a 3D-printable STL medical file converted from a CT scan DICOM dataset.Free -
Version 1.0.0
31 downloads
The pelvis is the lower part of the human trunk. It's bony skeleton is formed of the lowermost part of the vertebral column, the sacro-cocygeal region posteriorly , and the hip bones anteriorly and to the sides. Each hip bone consists of 3 parts, ilium, ischium, and pubis. They are attached to the sacrum posteriorly, connected to each other anteriorly, and joined with the two femurs at the hip joints. They enclose the pelvic cavity with the pelvic floor at the base of it to support the pelvic organs. This is a 3D-printable medical file converted from a CT scan DICOM data set.Free -
Version 1.0.0
119 downloads
The thoracic cage (rib cage) is the skeleton of the thoracic cavity. It is formed of 12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 ribs and their costal cartilages, and the sternum. Its main function is to give support and protection for the vital organs of the thorax. The thoracic cage is also a site of multiple origins and insertions for some of the vital upper limb muscles. This is a 3D printable STL medical file converted from a CT scan DICOM dataset .Free -
Version 1.0.0
16 downloads
This is the normal right leg bone model (including foot) of an 82-year-old male. This is an STL file created from DICOM images of his CT scan which may be used for 3D printing. The leg includes the area between the knee and the ankle and houses the tibia and fibula. The proximal tibia includes the medial plateau (which is concave) and the lateral plateau (which is convex). The Proximal tibia has a 7-10 degree posterior slope. On the anterior proximal tibia, the tibial tuberosity, where the patellar tendon attaches. On the anteromedial surface of the tibia is Gerdy's tubercle, where the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus attach. The distal tibia creates the superior and medial (plafond and medial malleolus) of the ankle joint. The proximal fibula is the attachment for the posterolateral corner structures of the knee joint. The peroneal nerve wraps around the fibular neck. The distal fibula is the lateral malleolus and a common site for ankle fractures. This model was created from the file STS_013.Free -
Version 1.0.0
14 downloads
This is the normal right hip model of an 82-year-old male. This is an STL file created from DICOM images of his CT scan which may be used for 3D printing. The hip joint is a ball and socket joint that has intrinsic stability from osseous, ligamentous, and muscular structures. The hip capsule is made of the iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments which attach from the acetabulum to the femoral neck. The normal acetabulum is anteverted 15 degrees and abducted 45 degrees. The normal femoral anteversion is between 10-15 degrees. The proximal femur also includes the greater trochanter, to which the external rotators are attached, and the lesser trochanter, to which the iliopsoas is attached. This model was created from the file STS_013.Free -
Version 1.0.0
27 downloads
This is the normal right leg muscle model (including foot) of an 82-year-old male. This is an STL file created from DICOM images of his CT scan which may be used for 3D printing. The lower leg is divided into four muscle compartments: the anterior, lateral, superficial posterior, and deep posterior compartments. The anterior compartment is made from the dorsiflexors, including the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus (EHL), extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and peroneus tertius, which are innervated by the deep peroneal nerve. The lateral compartment includes the peroneus longus and peroneus brevis, which assist in foot eversion and are innervated by the superficial peroneal nerve. The superficial posterior compartment include the gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris, which assist in plantarflexion and are innervated by the tibial nerve. The deep posterior compartment is made up of the popliteus, flexor hallucis longus (FHL), flexor digitorum longus (FDL), and tibialis posterior, which mostly assist in plantarflexion and are innervated similarly by the tibial nerve. This file was created from the file STS_013.Free
